【教育】中国残障人高等教育发展35年

来源:残障历程   作者:残障历程   2022.01.16 17:55  浏览459
摘要:能和所有学生一样坐到了普通高考的考场里,并非意味着我国高等残障融合教育的大门已经彻底敞开。即使能够进入大学,学校的无障碍情况、老师们的残障意识、从学习到生活的支持,中间一个环节的缺失或者排斥,又会让残障学生从奔向美好生活的幸福列车上被劝退,更何况还有未来就业与人生发展的不确定的风险,和过去隔离式的特殊学校的教育的教学质量难以PK毛坦厂中学从而缺乏高考竞争力的担忧,残障学生充分、切实、平等、融合地高等教育之路才刚刚开始!

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乘风破浪,不负韶华
中国残障人高等教育发展35年

For decades after the founding of the PRC, disability-related policies in China had been largely focused on the life care of disabled veterans.In terms of education, the policies were limited to elementary education, focusing on improving the enrollment rate of children with disabilities. Prior to the 1980s, neither were there policies designed in specific for higher education of people with disabilities, nor were there any statistics on education under each disability category.

在建国后的很长一段时间里,我国针对残障者的政策主要集中于因战伤残者的生活照料。教育领域的政策则集中于基础教育,重在提高残障儿童入学率。20世纪80年代之前,既没有专门针对残障人高等教育的政策,也没有相应的残障类别的教育统计。

In February 1985, the former National Education Commission, National Planning Commission, Department of Labor and Human Resources and Ministry of Civil Affairs released the Notice on Working Effectively on the Enrollment and Post-Graduation Job Assignment of Disabled Youth by Institutions of Higher Learning, which requires colleges and universities not to deny admission of otherwise-qualified students solely based on his or her disability. However, the type of disability as referred to in this document is in practice limited to mild limb impairment. In 1985 Binzhou Medical University formally established its School of Clinical Medicine for the Handicapped. In the first few years of the School, the student body tended to be over-age. Most of the students accepted had taken the National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) multiple times but were constantly rejected despite of their good grades.

1985年2月,原国家教委、国家计委、劳动人事部、民政部发出《关于做好高等学校招收残疾青年和毕业分配工作的通知》,要求高等学校招生在全部考生德智条件相同的情况下不应仅因残疾而不予录取。但文件中的"残疾考生"基本上可以理解为轻度肢体障碍。1985年滨州医学院正式设立残疾人临床医学系。创办的前几年,学生年龄都偏大,他们高考成绩都很好,大多参加过数次高考,却被许多高校拒收。

In 1987, the Special Education College of Changchun University was established, which began accepting students with visual impairment and hearing loss through an independent-examination & enrollment admission program.Students with disabilities were usually educated in an isolated setting, with only limited options of majors available to them. At that time, the mere access to colleges for students with visual impairment and hearing loss was already a remarkable achievement in many people's view.

1987年,长春大学特殊教育学院成立。开始以单考单招的方式招收视障、听障学生。残障学生的培养方式以隔离式的教育为主,可选专业十分有限。在那个年代,视障、听障学生能够有大学可上在很多人看来已经是一件了不起的事情。

New attempts have been made since the beginning of the 21st century.Since 2002, the Shanghai municipality has been allowing the enrollment of visually impaired graduates from Shanghai School for the Blind into Shanghai Normal University, through the independent-examination & enrollment program. However, restrictions on the household registration of the candidates made this exploration of integrated higher education a rather limited attempt.

当人类的脚步迈进21世纪,新的尝试也揭开帷幕。上海市自2002年开始,容许上海盲校毕业的视障考生以单独命题、单考单招的形式进入上海师范大学专业随班就读,但这一高等融合教育的探索存在户籍限制。

In 2007, Jin Xi, a visually-impaired student from Zhejiang Province, took the regular NCEE with the assistance of a human test reader. He was accepted by NingboTech University and studied at the Department of Law. In 2009 he transferred to the Law School of Ningbo University. He took and passed the National Judicial Examination in 2010 in the same manner as he took the college entrance exam.

2007年,浙江视障考生金希以人工读题的方式参加普通高考,进入浙江大学宁波理工学院法律系攻读法学专业,2009年转入宁波大学法学院,2010年又以同样的方式,参加司法考试并顺利通过。

In September 2014, Beijing Union University was authorized for its Master Program of Clinical Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine), which was the first master program in China designed in specific for visually impaired candidates.

2014年9月,北京联合大学获批临床医学(中医)硕士专业学位授权点,成为国内第一个专门招收视障人的专硕点。

In 2016, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education made a breakthrough in expanding the academic options for students with disabilities, by making admission to its Department of Applied Psychology open to visually-impaired students through the independent examination & enrollment program, and by suspending isolated education but allowing visually-impaired students to study together with others. In 2017 they made the independent examination & enrollment program available to people with autism, too, bringing awareness to the obstacles faced by this group in higher education.

南京特殊教育师范学院于2016年在专业上做出突破,针对视障学生开放了应用心理系的单考单招,也不再采取隔离式的教育方式,而是让视障学生与其他学生一起学习。2017年更是开放针对自闭症人士的单考单招,将这一群体在高等教育中面临的障碍推向台前。

In 2019, as a pioneer in the special higher education of people with visual impairment and hearing loss, the Special Education College of Changchun University was also authorized for recruiting master students with hearing loss through the independent examination & enrollment program.

而2019年,作为我国视障听障高等特殊教育的先行者,长春大学特殊教育学院也获批开始以单考单招的方式,招收听障硕士研究生。

While trying to improve their academic qualification, as time progresses, students with disabilities were in growing eagerness to enhance their ability and to strive for a better life through integrated higher education, especially after China ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of the UN and promulgated the then newly revised Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons in 2008. For Braille users who are almost entirely shut out of examinations in the absence of accessibility and reasonable accommodations, such need was even more pressing. High school graduates from Qingdao school for the Blind applied to the Ministry of Education in both 2012 and 2013, to request Braille access to exams. Voices from various parties advocating for a more flexible regular NCEE were also frequently heard.

在对学历提升追求的同时,随着时代的发展,特别是2008年我国批准联合国《残疾人权利公约》并颁布新修订的《残疾人保障法》之后,残障学生通过高等融合教育来提升自己的能力从而追求美好生活的愿望越发迫切,尤其是没有无障碍与合理便利几乎完全无法参考的盲文使用者。2012年、2013年,均有来自青岛盲校的高中毕业生向教育部提出申请使用盲文试卷参加考试,各方关于依法放开普通高考的呼声也是频频。

Changes finally came in 2014. On January 8th, the General Office of the State Council released the 2014-2016 Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Forwarding the Special Education Improvement Plan of the Ministry of Education and Others. On March 28th the Ministry of Education released the 2014 Provisions on the Admission by Regular Institutions of Higher Learning, which mentions in particular that examination institutions at all levels should facilitate the exam registration of people with disabilities in an equal manner, and provide Braille test papers, electronic test or special assistant to blind exam-takers. It is in the same year when Li Jinsheng, a blind person from Henan Province, managed to take the NCEE and was assigned the first Braille test paper in China. Also in 2014, Zhang Yaodong, a Gansu Province NCEE candidate used large-print test paper and was accepted by Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, who was the first visually-impaired NCEE candidate admitted by a regular institution of higher learning. The year of 2014 was therefore named "the first year of the era of NCEE for the blind" by some media.

改变终于发生在了2014年,这年1月8日国务院办公厅以国办发<2014>1号为文号发布了《国务院办公厅关于转发教育部等部门特殊教育提升计划2014年-2016年的通知》。同年3月28日教育部发布《2014年普通高等学校招生工作规定》,其中特别提到各级考试机构要为残疾人平等报名参加考试提供便利,有盲人参加考试时为盲人考生提供盲文试卷,电子试卷或者由专门的工作人员予以协助。河南盲人李金生争取参加高考,拿到第一份盲文试卷。甘肃考生张耀东用大字试卷参加高考,并被湖北中医药大学录取,成为第一个通过统一高考并被普通高校录取的视障考生。这一年被一些媒体称为"盲人高考元年"。

In 2015, the Ministry of Education and the China Disabled Persons' Federation jointly promulgated the Regulations on the National Uniform Examination for Admission at Regular Institutions of Higher Learning for People with Disabilities (Interim). After a two-year trial, the Regulations was formally promulgated in 2017 along with three annexes, which provide specific and feasible methods for implementing reasonable accommodations at the NCEE for people with disabilities, including those with visual impairment, hearing loss or writing difficulties. Unfortunately, until today, more diverse and necessary accommodations such as human test reader, electronic test, computer-based test have not been incorporated into the regulations. As a result, many students who lost their vision adventitiously can only hope for more changes to come amongst all the hardships that already exist in their life.

2015年,教育部和中国残疾人联合会共同颁布了《残疾人参加普通高等学校招生全国统一考试管理规定(暂行)》。这一办法经过两年试行,教育部与中国残联在2017年正式联合颁布《残疾人参加普通高等学校招生全国统一考试管理规定》,并同时颁布了三个附件,为包括视障者、听障者、书写有困难的考生在内的残障人参加全国普通高考提供了具体可行的合理便利的操作方法。但是遗憾的是,到目前为止,诸如人工读题、电子试卷、电脑答题等更为多样而且必须的便利方式未进入法规,也让很多中途视障的学生只能在苦难的人生中心存一份相信。

Being able to sit at the NCEE as other students do certainly does not mean that the door to an integrated higher education is wide open.Over the heads of students with disabilities, a sword of Damocles named "physical examination" may drop anytime, shutting them out of college again.Even for those who manage to go to college, the potential deficiency in campus accessibility, lack of disability awareness at school and shortage in academic & life support may as well force them off the way to a better life. Not to mention the uncertainties in their future employment and career development, and the concern that the disparity of education quality between isolated special schools and traditional schools will result in a lack of competitiveness of those with disabilities in the NCEE. In fact, the journey toward a full, practical, equal and integrated higher education of students with disabilities has only just begun.

当然,能和所有学生一样坐到了普通高考的考场里,并非意味着我国高等残障融合教育的大门已经彻底敞开。在残障学生的头上,还悬着"体检标准"这样一把达摩克利斯之剑随时可能落下,将之再次拒于大学门外。即使能够进入大学,学校的无障碍情况、老师们的残障意识、从学习到生活的支持,中间一个环节的缺失或者排斥,又会让残障学生从奔向美好生活的幸福列车上被劝退。更何况还有未来就业与人生发展的不确定的风险,和过去隔离式的特殊学校的教育的教学质量难以PK毛坦厂中学从而缺乏高考竞争力的担忧,残障学生充分、切实、平等、融合地高等教育之路才刚刚开始!

版权声明

本视频由历程制作,素材源于网络,仅供学习交流,勿用于商业用途。

致谢

策划:蔡聪

统筹:韩婧莹、满震洋

制作:满震洋


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